Every High-Speed PCB project eventually arrives at the same question: how much does back drilling really cost the design? The answer is rarely a single number, because the effect grows with frequency and depends on decisions taken across the stackup, the layout and the fabrication process. At microwave bands, a board that looks acceptable on...
On paper, a High-Frequency PCB, is a set of dimensions and a bill of materials. In production it is a process, and Via Stubs is where the two views meet. Small deviations that no one would question on a low-frequency board become measurable at high-frequency bands. Most of the cost associated with via stubs is...
Every High-Speed PCB project eventually arrives at the same question: how much does impedance control really cost the design? The answer is rarely a single number, because the effect grows with frequency and depends on decisions taken across the stackup, the layout and the fabrication process. At above 20 GHz, a board that looks acceptable...
Every 5G PCB project eventually arrives at the same question: how much does the skin effect really cost the design? The answer is rarely a single number, because the effect grows with frequency and depends on decisions taken across the stackup, the layout and the fabrication process. At high-frequency bands, a board that looks acceptable...
Ask three engineers what limits a Microwave PCB design and you will hear three different answers. Ask them about copper surface roughness and the conversation usually converges, because it is one of the few parameters that touches every stage of the build. The practical difficulty is that copper surface roughness is not set in one...
Ask three engineers what limits a RF PCB design and you will hear three different answers. Ask them about dissipation factor (Df) and the conversation usually converges, because it is one of the few parameters that touches every stage of the build. The practical difficulty is that dissipation factor (Df) is not set in one...
On paper, a High-Speed PCB, is a set of dimensions and a bill of materials. In production it is a process, and Dielectric Constant is where the two views meet. Small deviations that no one would question on a low-frequency board become measurable at microwave bands. Most of the cost associated with dielectric constant (Dk)...
On paper, a High-Frequency PCB, is a set of dimensions and a bill of materials. In production it is a process, and Insertion Loss is where the two views meet. Small deviations that no one would question on a low-frequency board become measurable at high-frequency bands. Most of the cost associated with insertion loss is...
Why PCB Material Characterization Matters at High Frequencies The electrical properties of a PCB material can be characterized using several different measurement techniques. Some methods directly evaluate the dielectric material using specialized fixtures, while others characterize the material through an actual circuit structure. This distinction becomes increasingly important as PCB operating frequencies move from conventional...
Why Material Selection Matters in Millimeter-Wave PCB Design Millimeter-wave technology was once considered too expensive or technically difficult for widespread commercial applications. Today, that has changed rapidly. The expansion of 5G New Radio (5G NR), 77 GHz automotive radar, ADAS, high-speed wireless communication, RF modules, and advanced sensing systems has made millimeter-wave PCB technology increasingly...
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