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Take a look at any type of multiconductor serial bus that uses single ended traces. You’ll probably see some resistors sitting around the bus being connected to driver pins and power or ground. The use of these resistors is intentional with the purpose being to set the signal level and reflection control on the bus....

Chip-Scale Package (CSP) is a type of integrated circuit packaging technology. The size of the package is up to 1.2 times the size of the actual die, with only a single-die and a direct surface mountable package. First originating in the 1990s, it was developed as a response to the demand for smaller and more efficient...

Electronics are becoming faster, smaller, and used in more demanding environments. Miniaturized ICs and SMDs operate at higher frequencies and require more power. Increased current demands cause voltage drops across resistive elements, generating heat and leading to temperature rises and hotspots. Over half of electronic component failures now stem from heat-related stress. To develop high-quality circuit...

PCB tolerances for manufacturing refer to the allowable variations from specified dimensions, encompassing: material thickness, copper thickness, drilling, plating, and solder masks. These PCB tolerances ensure that PCB circuit boards are produced precisely and can function as intended. Manufacturers adhere to specific in-house tolerance guidelines, based on international standards like IPC-A-600 Class 2, to maintain quality throughout the...

Smart Water-Saving Irrigation Control System Solution Background Overview With the increasing global water scarcity, especially in large-scale agricultural planting areas, traditional irrigation methods face issues such as water waste, cumbersome manual operations, and imprecise irrigation control. To address these pain points, we have helped our customers develop a wireless smart irrigation controller PCBA. This controller utilizes...

When designing a PCB, one of the critical decisions you’ll face is whether to use plated or unplated mounting holes. These holes are essential for securing the PCB to an enclosure or package, but the choice between plated and unplated holes depends on your design requirements, grounding needs, and mechanical considerations. Let’s explore the differences, advantages, and best...

Optimizing Small Wind Turbine Inverters: Enhancing Stability & Reliability Customer Background & Market Demand Germany is a global leader in renewable energy, with its Energiewende (energy transition) policy driving widespread adoption of distributed wind power for rural electrification, industrial parks, and off-grid energy solutions. Small Wind Turbines (SWTs) have become an essential power supply option due to their flexibility...

1. Customer Profile Client:  Anonymous Industry: Fiber Optic Test & Measurement, High-Speed Data Transmission Application: Next-gen 100G/400G+ optical transceivers, OTDR equipment, and 50GHz RF test modules. FIS designs precision fiber optic tools, requiring ultra-low-loss PCBs to maintain signal integrity at millimeter-wave frequencies (up to 50GHz). Their challenges include: Insertion loss degrading high-speed signals (>40Gbps). Impedance mismatches causing reflection noise. Thermal expansion leading to microvia cracking in compact...

Client Profile Client: A leading European audio equipment manufacturer Industry: High-End Consumer Audio / Professional Sound Systems Application: Stereo Power Amplifier Modules The client designs audiophile-grade amplification systems requiring PCBs that ensure: Ultra-low distortion for HiFi audio (20Hz–80kHz range) High dynamic current (5A+) for transient response Thermal stability (up to 125°C at IC junction) EMI-resistant signal...